The Religious and Political Influence Can Be Seen in the Art of the Time

What is religion and belief?

Belief is a land of the mind when we consider something true even though we are not 100% sure or able to testify it. Everybody has behavior about life and the world they experience. Mutually supportive beliefs may form belief systems, which may be religious, philosophical or ideological.
Religions are belief systems that relate humanity to spirituality. The following definition from Wikipedia provides a good overview of the many dimensions of religion:
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give significant to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ideals, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas most the cosmos and human nature. […] Many religions have organised behaviours, clergy, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or scriptures. The practise of a religion may likewise include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. All the same, there are examples of religions for which some or many of these aspects of structure, belief, or practices are absent.^ane

Beliefs in the spiritual dimension of life have existed since fourth dimension immemorial. Many man societies have left us historical prove of their systems of conventionalities, whether it was worship of the dominicus, of gods and goddesses, knowledge of good and evil or of the sacred. Stonehenge, the Bamiyan Buddhas, the Almudena Cathedral in Madrid, Uluru at Alice Springs, the Bahá'í Gardens of Haifa, Fujiyama, the sacred mountain of Japan, Kaaba in Kingdom of saudi arabia or the Aureate Temple in Amritsar all bear testament to the human experience of spirituality, which may exist an objective reality or a event of the human yearning for an caption of the significant of life and our role in the world.
In the simplest sense, religion describes "the human relationship of human beings to what they regard as holy, sacred, spiritual or divine".² It is usually accompanied by a set of organised practices which foster a community of people who share that faith. Equally discussed above, belief is a broader term and it also includes "commitments which deny a dimension of being beyond this world".³

Religions and other belief systems in our environment have an influence on our identity, regardless of whether nosotros consider ourselves religious or spiritual or not. At the same time, other parts of our identity, our history, our approach to other religions and groups considered "dissimilar" volition influence how we interpret that religion or belief system.

Question: What religions are practised in your state?

Religions and related social and cultural structures accept played an important role in human being history. As mental structures, they influence the way we perceive the world around us and the values we accept or reject. Equally social structures, they provide a supporting network and a sense of belonging. In many cases, religions have become the basis of power structures and have go intertwined with it. History, remote and recent, is full of examples of "theocratic" states, be they Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Jewish or other. The separation between country and organized religion is yet recent and only partly applied: at that place are official country religions in Europe and de facto country religions. In most cases this does not pose a item trouble as long equally it is tempered by values of tolerance.

Statistics on faith or conventionalities adherents can never be very accurate, considering the dynamic nature of this design also as the fact that many people amidst us live in contexts where freedom of religion and belief is not enjoyed. The statistics beneath are, therefore, intended to exemplify the diversity of the global moving-picture show. The figures indicate the estimated number of adherents of the largest religions^iv:

African Traditional and Diasporic:	100 million
Baha'i:	vii million
Buddhism:	376 million
Cao Dai:	4 million
Chinese traditional organized religion:	394 meg
Christianity:	2.1 billion
Hinduism:	900 million
Islam:	i.v billion
Jainism:	four.2 million
Judaism:	fourteen million
Neo-Paganism:	1 one thousand thousand
Key-indigenous (tribal religionists, ethnic religionists, or animists):	300 one thousand thousand
Rastafarianism:	600 thousand
Shinto:	4 million
Sikhism:	23 milllion
Spiritism:	15 million
Tenrikyo:	ii million
Unitarian-Universalism:	800 1000
Zoroastrianism:	ii.6 million

The number of secular, not-religious, agnostic and atheists is estimated at one.1 billion.

Question: Which religions are missing in this listing?

Unlike religions and beliefs accept long existed in the European region as well. In some historical periods, Europe has provided refuge to persecuted religious groups and allowed a diversity of religions and behavior to flourish. At other times, however, European countries have fallen prey to fanaticism and been engrossed in "religious wars", such as the Thirty Years State of war of 1618-1648 that led to the slaughter of 1-3rd of the continent'south population.
The misuse, or corruption, of religious arguments has led to the justification of painful conflicts and wars, persecutions and intolerance. Regardless of how we understand these historical legacies, a wide range of religions and beliefs be in Europe and they have and proceed to take an impact on our societies. In this mode, organized religion and belief are important factors to consider in relation to young people and youth piece of work because, direct or indirectly, they have an impact on immature people'south identity and sense of belonging.

Freedom of organized religion or belief in human rights instruments

Everyone has the correct to freedom of idea, conscience and organized religion; this correct includes freedom to alter his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his faith or belief in teaching, do, worship and observance.
Universal Declaration of Man Rights, Article 18

This was later confirmed in the International Covenant on Ceremonious and Political Rights besides as in several regional binding human rights documents, such equally the African Charter on Human being and People's Rights (Article 8) or the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Article 9).
The UN Man Rights Committee emphasises that this liberty is "far-reaching and profound", that it "encompasses freedom of thought on all matters, personal conviction and the commitment to religion or belief, whether manifested individually or in customs with others", that the freedom for censor should be equal to that for faith and belief and that protection is for "theistic, not-theistic and atheistic beliefs, as well equally the right not to profess any religion or belief".^v Accordingly, any serious belief or confidence – whether a person is Sikh, against hunting, pacifist, Mormon, vegan or ideologically driven by activism against climate modify – can be protected within this right.

This freedom in international police force was historically focused on the religious liberty of minority communities. Today, laws securing freedom of religion and conventionalities are no longer focused on the need to maintain the status quo in order not to undermine regional security, just spotlight a number of concerns including non-bigotry, equality and dignity. Championing this freedom has societal as well as individualist rationales, allowing people the scope to (openly) seek, (vigorously) discuss and (freely) uphold the behavior that they choose, solitary or along with others. Achieving an enabling environment for this freedom requires non only non-interference on the grounds of religion or belief by the state but positive measures to be taken to reach and maintain such an environment in society at big. In practice, this should include, for example, the possibility to brand bachelor places of worship or to provide moral and religious instruction.

Question: Are you a fellow member of any religious community? How did you get involved?

Equally with all other human rights, this freedom does not "trump" other freedoms and it sometimes finds itself in tension with other human being rights, such as freedom of stance and expression and freedom from discrimination on the grounds of sexual activity or sexual orientation. This is reflected for instance in the way Article 9 of the European Convention on Human being rights is structured: there is an absolute protection of the correct to religious conventionalities, conscience and thought, only the manifestations only enjoy a qualified protection in so far as they practise not violate other human rights.

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

Article 9
1.  Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, censor and religion; this correct includes freedom to alter his religion or belief, and liberty,
either lonely or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, do and observance.
ii.  Freedom to manifest i's faith or beliefs shall be field of study only to such limitations as are prescribed by constabulary and are necessary in a democratic
guild in the interests of public safe, for the protection of public lodge, health or morals, or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

Freedom of religion and belief – including freedom to change religion – is essential to all of u.s., in our search for meaning, our full development, our identity and our expression as members of a community or communities. Whether we have a firm religion or conventionalities, whether we are undecided, or even if we practise not really care much for religion or conventionalities, this liberty matters to people and the societies they build.

^{Are in that location whatever communities in your country that do not enjoy the same level of freedom of religion and belief as others?}

Challenges to and violations of the freedom of religion or belief

Throughout religious history, many religious and societal features have been embedded in the surround where a particular religion was practised, and they are reflected in culture and politics. Many pieces of literature, poetry, fine art and music, apparel codes and means of organising life together have been drawn from religions. Organized religion has made a stiff banner on culture, which can exist seen, for example, on holy days, at feasts, in wedlock ceremonies, burying practices, pilgrimages, the wearing of religious symbols (eastward.1000. jewellery or apparel codes), or in physical alterations to the torso, such as male circumcision.
The influence of religions may become even stronger when nations adopt a state religion or religious credo. In such situations, religion and religious arguments may get confused with the political, economic or social reasoning.

The extent to which liberty of thought, conscience and organized religion allow distinctive practices of a community of believers to diverge from those of the residual of the society is often debated inside the human rights community. Examples of this include attitudes towards women in religious leadership positions, traditional ceremonies involving children, laws surrounding matrimony, divorce or burial, prohibition on the depiction of divine beings or other religious figures, and so on.

In such contexts, the human rights bodies would criticise harmful practices, regardless of whether they were traditionally condoned by item cultures, nations or religions. Such criticism is not an attack on culture, nationality or religion but an effort to strike a balance between the right to one's religions and belief and other human rights, since several of these practices can result in serious man rights corruption. Harmful traditional practices include female person genital mutilation, son-preference (which can manifest itself in sex-selective abortion, declining to care for newborn girls, discrimination in education in favour of sons, bigotry in nutrition), arranged or forced marriages, union of children, dowry-related crimes and crimes justified by "honour", exclusion or limitation of some rights of non-adherents to a more powerful religious grouping in a given community, segregation according to religious lines, so on. Such practices disproportionately bear on women and children: invoking tradition is used to justify discrimination on the basis of gender and age. Furthermore, in several cases, situations which, from a human rights perspective, are a violation of man dignity, remain unrecognised, taboo and unpunished. Few of these practices are based on religious precepts; the fact that they are deeply anchored in civilisation and tradition exercise not make ending them any easier. Changes take to come through legislative change, education and empowerment.
Throughout history, religions have played a crucial function in imposing limitations on human activity in order to protect the physical and psychological integrity or dignity of other people. Yet, even though religious philosophies have contributed to the evolution of a censor of homo rights and dignity, the human being rights related to religion and belief are no more exempt from the tensions and contradictions that are present in human rights instruments, than are other rights. As seen in the case of harmful traditional practices, sometimes convictions or beliefs are used to justify outright physical harm with severe health consequences.

Question: Are there religious practices in your community/ies that you lot consider harmful?

Discrimination and intolerance
on grounds of organized religion or belief

Religious intolerance can exist observed at dissimilar levels: among adherents of the same religion (intra-religious intolerance); betwixt ane faith or religious attitude and another, manifesting itself in various forms of conflicts between persons and groups of persons (inter-religious intolerance); in the class of confrontational disbelief or confrontational theism, which are intolerant of free choice and exercise of other religions or belief commitments; or in the course of anti-secularism. Religious intolerance is often confused with xenophobia and other forms of discrimination; sometimes it is likewise used to justify discrimination.
Most human rights violations related to freedom of organized religion and belief are also related to liberty from bigotry. Bigotry on the grounds of organized religion and belief is contrary to human rights only information technology is withal experienced daily by many people across Europe. The fact that religion and belief are frequently confused with culture, nationality and ethnicity makes information technology more complicated but also more than painful on an individual level: you lot may be discriminated against on the grounds of religious affiliation even if you happen not to believe in the organized religion you are associated with.

Discrimination and intolerance impact negatively on society equally a whole, and peculiarly on immature people who experience it. Such effects include:

• Low self-esteem
• Cocky-segregation
• Internalised oppression
• Disengagement from schoolhouse activities
• Non-fulfilment of their potential
• Attraction to violent extremist ideologies
• School driblet-out
• Health problems / depression⁶

Religious intolerance is too used to feed hatred in, and to contribute to, armed conflicts, not and so much because it is the cause of disharmonize but because religious belonging is used to draw dividing lines, as armed conflicts in the Balkans and Caucasus demonstrate. The consequences of international terrorism and the "wars on terrorism" have been particularly devastating in Europe and beyond, notably because religious intolerance becomes mixed with xenophobia and racism.
No single social group, religion or community has the monopoly of discrimination. Even though the levels of protection of the liberty of faith and belief vary significantly beyond the member states of the Council of Europe, religious intolerance and discrimination affects everyone in Europe.

Intolerance and discrimination
confronting Muslims (Islamophobia)

Of particular concern in several European countries is the ascension of Islamophobia, the fear and hatred of Islam, resulting in discrimination against Muslims or people associated with Islam. Islam is the almost widespread organized religion in Europe after Christianity and the majority religion in various fellow member states of the Quango of Europe. The hostility towards Islam as a faith and to Muslim people, particularly following the "wars on terror", has revealed deep-rooted prejudices against Muslims in many European societies. With the perception of the religion of Islam as being associated but with terrorism and extremism, Islamophobia has contributed to negative views of Islam and Muslims, wrongly generalising militant religious extremism and ultra-conservatism onto all Muslim countries and Muslim people. This intolerance and stereotyped view of Islam has manifested itself in a number of ways, ranging from verbal or written abuse of Muslim people, discrimination at schools and workplaces, and psychological harassment or pressure level, to outright violent attacks on mosques and individuals, especially women who wearable headscarves.⁷ In this context, mass-media has played a role, offer at times representations of Muslim people which were distorted, if not outright stereotyped and defamatory.
Like other victims of discrimination grounded on religious affiliation, discrimination against Muslims may overlap with other forms of bigotry and xenophobia, such as anti-immigrant sentiments, racism and sexism.

Six recurring prejudices about Muslims

All the same:

Muslims are seen as all beingness much the same as each other, regardless of their nationality, social class and political outlook, and of whether they are observant in their beliefs and practice.
All are motivated by religion: It is thought that the single most important thing nearly Muslims, in all circumstances, is their religious organized religion. And then, if Muslims engage in violence, for case, it is causeless that this is because their religion advocates violence.
Totally "other": Muslims are seen every bit totally "other": they are seen every bit having few if whatever interests, needs or values in mutual with people who do non take a Muslim background.
Culturally and morally inferior: Muslims are seen as culturally and morally inferior and prone to being irrational and violent, intolerant in their treatment of women, contemptuous towards world views different from their own, and hostile and resentful towards "the West" for no good reason.
Threat: Muslims are seen as a security threat, in tacit or open sympathy with international terrorism and aptitude on the "Islamisation" of the countries where they live.
Co-operation is impossible: As a consequence of the previous five perceptions, it is claimed that there is no possibility of active partnership betwixt Muslims and people with different religious or cultural backgrounds.
Guidelines for Educators on Countering Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims, OSCE/ODIHR, Quango of Europe and UNESCO.

Anti-Christian sentiments (Christianophobia)

Christianophobia refers to every form of bigotry and intolerance against some or all Christians, the Christian religion, or the practice of Christianity. Like other forms of bigotry based on organized religion, the perpetrators may exist people from other religions – oftentimes the bulk religions – as much as secular institutions. Hostility against Christians manifests itself in attacks confronting places of worship, verbal abuse and, particularly in countries where Christians are a minority, restrictions on edifice and sometimes preserving churches or monasteries.
Particularly worrying is the rise in attacks against Christians in the Middle East. A recommendation of the Parliamentary Assembly on this affair calls, amongst other things, for the need to "raise awareness almost the need to combat all forms of religious fundamentalism and the manipulation of religious beliefs for political reasons, which are then often the cause of present day terrorism. Education and dialogue are two of import tools that could contribute towards the prevention of such evils"^viii.

Question: Have you always experienced any bias towards you because of your religion or conventionalities? How did y'all react?

Antisemitism

Antisemitism – hostility towards Jews equally a religious or minority group often accompanied by social, economic, and political discrimination – is an example of the combination of racism and religious discrimination. Even though the direct targets of antisemitism are Jewish people, the motivation for discrimination and violence is non necessarily based on Judaism as a faith but on Jews as a people.
Reports from human rights organisations regularly state an alarming rise in the number of antisemitic attacks accompanied, in some countries, by the rise of openly antisemitic speech in the political arena. Events include attacks against Jewish schools, "while Jewish pupils were assaulted, harassed, and injured in growing numbers on their way to and from school or in the classroom, including by their classmates. Educators report that the term "Jew" has become a popular swearword among youngsters."⁹ Rather than being confined to extremist circles, Antisemitism is thus increasingly existence mainstreamed.
In its Recommendation No. 9 on the fight confronting Antisemitism, adopted in 2004, the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance recommends, amongst others, member states to ensure that criminal law penalises antisemitic acts such equally:
public incitement to violence, hatred, discrimination, public insults, defamation and threats aimed at a person or a grouping of persons on the grounds of their actual or presumed Jewish identity or origin
the public expression, with an antisemitic aim, of an credo which depreciates or denigrates a group of persons on the grounds of their Jewish identity or origin
the public denial, trivialisation, justification or condoning, of the Shoah and of crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes committed confronting persons on the grounds of their Jewish identity or origin
the desecration and profanation, with an antisemitic aim, of Jewish holding and monuments
the creation or the leadership of a grouping which promotes Antisemitism.

Religious intolerance and discrimination is not limited to Antisemitism, Christianophobia or Islamophobia. Among the many forms of discrimination is the non-recognition of some religions and the difference of treatment between them. Religions and systems of belief tin can thus be banned, persecuted or closely controlled because of their alleged "sectarian" nature or their irrelevance on the grounds of being "insignificant".
It is of import to recall that freedom of faith and belief includes the correct to modify religion and the right not to adhere to, or declare, a religion.

Question: What happens if you make up one's mind to adopt a religion different from your family and customs?

Despite the growing and widespread manifestations of religious intolerance, it is important to carry in mind that faith and human rights are perfectly uniform and that only a human rights framework tin secure freedom of religion and belief for all.
The history of Europe is, indeed, full of examples of violence and barbarity in the name of religion. These acts have been and are beingness committed by men and women, not commanded by religious precepts, only by people.
Fortunately, the history and the reality of our world is also a living evidence of the optimism of religious diverseness: no unmarried order is mono-religious and no single system of thought has ever prevailed, even under the most extreme forms of totalitarianism. Furthermore, the examples of people accepting each other despite religious difference, and frequently united in diversity, are many more those of intolerance.

The work of the Council of Europe

The Council of Europe, White Newspaper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in Dignity" (2008) recognises that a range of religious and secular conceptions of life have enriched the cultural heritage of Europe and notes the importance of inter-religious, intra-religious and other dialogue for the promotion of understanding between different cultures. It besides emphasises that the Quango of Europe "would remain neutral towards the various religions whilst defending the freedom of thought, censor and organized religion, the rights and duties of all citizens, and the respective autonomy of state and religions".^ten
Promoting religious tolerance and inter-faith dialogue is also i of the priorities of the Quango of Europe's youth policy. A number of events organised nether the All Unlike – All Equal campaign in 2007-2008 developed recommendations and action plans for promoting inter-religious dialogue in European youth work, including the Istanbul Youth Annunciation on Inter-Religious and Intercultural Dialogue in Youth Work¹², and the Kazan Action Plan¹³. All of these documents stress the crucial function of immature people and youth organisations in contributing to the change towards religious tolerance.

The sphere of didactics may be a platform for tensions of human being rights related to faith and belief, as in cases where the educational content has been criticised as limiting the freedom of religion and belief, or in cases where religious symbols used by schools or past students have resulted in conflicts. At the same time, education is also one of the most important spheres of life where stereotypes and prejudices can be counteracted. In this spirit, ODIHR, the Council of Europe and UNESCO published the Guidelines for Educators on Countering Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims.¹⁴ This certificate is intended to support teachers, teacher trainers, education policy experts as well as non-governmental organisations agile in the field of non-formal pedagogy in their piece of work confronting Islamophobia.

Religion and conventionalities at the European Court of Human Rights

Folgerø and others v. Norway (2007)

Parents successfully appealed to the courtroom in Strasbourg to avoid mandatory religious classes of one particular denomination of Christianity. The court found that the land was in violation of Article 2 of Protocol no. 1, which reads, "No person shall be denied the right to education. In the practice of any functions which information technology assumes in relation to teaching and to teaching, the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with their ain religious and philosophical convictions".

Lautsi v. Italy (2011)
Ms Lautsi'south children attended a state schoolhouse where all the classrooms had a crucifix on the wall, which she considered contrary to the principle of secularism by which she wished to bring upwards her children. She complained before the Court that this was in alienation of Commodity 9 (freedom of idea, conscience and religion) and of Article ii of Protocol No. 1 (right to educational activity).
The Court institute no violation; it held in detail that the question of religious symbols in classrooms was, in principle, a thing falling within the margin of appreciation of the country, provided that decisions in that area did not atomic number 82 to a form of indoctrination and there was nothing to advise that the regime were intolerant of pupils who believed in other religions, were non-believers or who held non-religious philosophical convictions.

Ercep v. Turkey (2011)
This example concerned the refusal by the applicant, a Jehovah's Witness and careful objector, to perform military service for reasons of conscience and his successive convictions for that reason.
The Courtroom found a violation of Article nine and a violation of Article six (correct to a off-white trial). It
invited Turkey to enact legislation apropos conscientious objectors and to introduce an alternative form of service.

The Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities as well protects religion equally an chemical element of the identity of minorities, "The Parties undertake to promote the conditions necessary for persons belonging to national minorities to maintain and develop their culture, and to preserve the essential elements of their identity, namely their religion, linguistic communication, traditions and cultural heritage" (Article 5) and prohibits forced assimilation.

Youth work and faith and conventionalities

Religion is an issue that many young people bargain with in their daily lives at home, in public, at work or at schoolhouse. Youth work can assist to make religious differences a gene of cultural enrichment for immature people instead of being a source of confrontation, peculiarly through the lenses of mutual understanding, tolerance and credence of difference.

Whether working at a local, regional or international level, youth workers demand to exist aware of the potential office and influence of faith and belief on the process of any given activity, likewise equally on the planned objectives of the action. Accepting diversity is a skillful starting indicate; building on diversity every bit a source of force is an fantabulous fashion to go on. A growing number of youth organisations are actively working in the field of inter-religious dialogue, promoting a dialogue between equals, and being cocky-critical of their ain religious traditions, with the aim of increasing agreement.

Taking into consideration differences of belief and exercise within the group, earlier and during the activity, can contribute to a better temper in the group from the start. Knowing nigh some of the rituals and practices of different religions can be very useful and important for the good functioning and success of youth events. Consideration of dietary laws, places and times for prayer, the religious calendar and daily practices of different religious groups (e.chiliad. the Sabbath, Friday prayers, Ramadan, Sun celebrations, holidays) might assist the organisers of youth activities provide a respectful and peaceful atmosphere also as avoid problems of travel and of timing and efficiency of activities. The particularities of the place of the activity and the expectations of the hosting environment are equally important, in society to testify respect for the needs of the group participants.
A degree of sensitivity towards religious variety within the group would create a certain positive and motivating attitude and curiosity towards the religious practices and beliefs of others. This might besides aid to promote common respect and agreement, while helping to overcome whatever stiff prejudices related to religious beliefs and practices.

Question: What importance does religious tolerance have in your work with young people?

There is a large corporeality of youth work that is faith-based, and at that place are many religion-based youth organisations. The Council of Europe'southward youth sector works closely with a variety of international youth organisations that are faith-based and encourages co-functioning among them. Study sessions and training activities at the European Youth Centre regularly include organisations such as:

• Ecumenical Youth Council in Europe
• European Brotherhood of YMCAs
• European Baha'i Youth Council
• European Fellowship of Christian Youth
• European Marriage of Jewish Students
• Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organisations
• International Federation of Catholic Youth Organisations
• International Move of Catholic Agricultural and Rural Youth Europe
• International Young Cosmic Students – International Motility of Catholic Students
• Islamic Conference Youth Forum for Dialogue and Co-operation
• Pax Christi Youth Forum
• Syndesmos – World Fellowship of Orthodox Youth
• Syriac Universal Alliance
• The European Immature Women's Christian Association
• Earth Student Christian Federation

Some of these organisations got together within the framework of the European Youth Forum and constituted the Faith-Based Group of youth organisations in order to learn about each other, promote diversity and fight discrimination and hatred. Integrated by the European Peer Training Arrangement, the Eu of Jewish Students, the Ecumenical Youth Council in Europe, the Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organisations, the International Federation of Catholic Youth Organisations, the International Movement of Catholic Students, Pax Christi International and the World Educatee Christian Federation, the Good Group produced, in 2008, a Tool Kit on inter-religious dialogue in youth work – Living Faiths Together. The Tool Kit, published by the European Youth Forum, provides information about monotheistic religions and proposes several methodologies and activities to empathize and de-construct prejudices and stereotypes related to religion and to promote inter-religious dialogue. The tool kit may be downloaded from the Internet site of the European Youth Forum (www.youthforum.org) or from the site of the co-operating organisations.

Endnotes

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith (accessed on 9 July 2012)
ii  Religion (2007) Encyclopædia Britannica at: www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063138
3 LindaWoodhead, with Rebecca Catto: "Religion or conventionalities": Identifying bug and priorities. Equality and Human Rights Committee, 2009, p. three: www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/inquiry/research_report_48__religion_or_belief.pdf
4 Major Religions of the Earth Ranked by Number of Adherents: www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html
5 General Comment 22 of the UN Human Rights Committee on Article xviii of the ICCPR
6 OSCE/ODIHR, Council of Europe, UNESCO, Guidelines for Educators on Countering Intolerance and Bigotry against Muslims, 2011
7 Off-white (Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism), available at: www.fairuk.org/introduction.htm
8 Recommendation 1957 (2011)  of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe "Violence against Christians in the Middle East"
9 OSCE-ODIHR and Yad Vashem, Addressing Anti-Semitism: Why and How? A Guide for Educators, 2007
10 Council of Europe, White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living together as equals in dignity", Launched by the Quango of Europe Ministers of Foreign Affairs at their 118th Ministerial Session (Strasbourg, 7 May 2008), p. 23, bachelor at: world wide web.coe.int/t/dg4/intercultural/Source/Pub_White_Paper/White%20Paper_final_revised_EN.pdf See besides San Marino Annunciation of 2007
eleven www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/edc/Source/Pdf/Coordinators/2006_14_CDED_ReligiousDiversity.pdf
12 "Istanbul Youth Announcement on Inter-Religious and Intercultural Dialogue in Youth Piece of work", Symposium Inter-religious and Intercultural Dialogue in Youth Work, Istanbul, Turkey, 27-31 March 2007: www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/Source/Resources/Documents/2008_Istanbul_Declaration_en.pdf
xiii "Kazan Action Plan", International Youth Forum "Intercultural Dialogue and its Religious Dimension", Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 30 November  – four December 2008: www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/Source/Resources/Documents/2008_Kazan_Action_Plan_en.pdf
14 Guidelines for Educators on Countering Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims, OSCE/ODIHR, Council of Europe, UNESCO, 2011: world wide web.coe.int/t/dg4/educational activity/edc/resources

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Source: https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/religion-and-belief

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